The rise of bronze in Central Asia: new evidence for the origin of Bronze Age tin and copper from multi-analytical research

The Bronze Age in Central Asia was dominated by the Andronovo Culture and Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). Both cultural entities produced bronze, however, extent of bronze production use varied considerably space time across their territories. introduction spread metallurgy region is commonly associated with Culture, but comparatively little known about copper tin sources that were exploited to make bronze. To shed light on this aspect, paper examines 91 artefacts from Middle (MBA) Late (LBA) recovered twenty sites BMAC through a combined evaluation chemical isotopic analyses. Trace element patterns compositions lead, tin, are determined for objects complemented isotope analysis Asian ores. data shows clear separation two source areas MBA LBA I: obtained polymetallic (tin-bearing) deposits Iran (Deh Hosein, Nakhlak/Bagh Gorogh) possibly Afghanistan, while mainly used Tian Shan Mountains. With transition II, change material basis can be recognised, which increasingly relied metal territory. most important result context analytical proof coextraction copper-tin mine at Mushiston, Tajikistan, first direct link deposit. Mushiston apparently supplied both macro regions “natural” accounted one third all analysed, there no indication yet or ores traded distance more than 500 km. Moreover, artefact indicates decline exploitation course developed LBA, other probably Hindukush exploited. This testifies intensive rich mineral resources beyond, as well intensification trade contacts between BMAC.